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History of education - How To Discuss

Writer Grace Evans

History of education

What is the historical development of Education? The first education system was established during the Xia Dynasty (2076 BC - 1600 BC). During the Xia Dynasty, the government built schools to educate aristocrats in rituals, literature, and archery (important to ancient Chinese aristocrats).

What is the history of Education in America?

Compulsory education in the United States began more than 150 years ago when Horace Mann established the Massachusetts education system, which in 1852 became the first state to provide education. In 1918, the law required that children in every state be educated.

How did education begin?

Education began in prehistoric times, when adults taught young people the knowledge and skills considered essential in their society. In pre-educated societies this was done ■■■■■■ and by imitation. Storytelling passes on knowledge, values ​​and skills from one generation to the next.

What is the history of teaching?

Education develops the minds of children and young people and prepares them to become worthy citizens of society. The history of teaching dates back to Confucius (561), the first known private tutor. Many ancient Greeks employed mentors to raise their children.

What is the importance of history in education?

Studying history has many advantages. Not only will you learn more about the world's past and better understand how it works today, but you'll also gain transferable skills such as the ability to prioritize and analyze information.

What is the history of Education in the US?

The History of Education in the United States of Foundations of Education examines trends in philosophy, politics, institutions, and formal and informal education in the United States from the 17th century to the present.

Who was the founder of Education?

While no one invented the school, there is one who is considered the father of modern education. Meet Horace Mann (1796-1859), Secretary of the Massachusetts Department of Education and eventual Ambassador to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

What is the definition of history of Education?

Thus, the history of education is a study of the past focused on educational issues. This includes education systems, institutions, theories, themes and other related phenomena. The history of education is the foundation of a professional teacher.

What is the historical development of education in pakistan

History and context. Pakistan has two education systems: traditional and modern. The traditionally Islamic-oriented system has grown exponentially since the 1970s under the influence of the wave of Islamic fundamentalism in Iran. In the late 1990s, traditional Islamic schools called madrassas were increasingly influenced by the Western movement against the Taliban in Afghanistan.

:brown_circle: What was the history of Education in Pakistan?

History of Education in Pakistan. In addition to the interventions of 1947 and 1959, other efforts could be motivated by political and ideological considerations, in addition to education as a means of developing the person as an individual, citizen and participant in society.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: How old do you have to be to go to school in Pakistan?

Education in Pakistan → Development of Education in Pakistan Article 25A of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan states: Law".

:eight_spoked_asterisk: How is the National Education Policy in Pakistan?

Pakistan's national education policy is generally influenced by local priorities, as well as the influence of international donors and international development organizations. Education policy sometimes changes drastically in a short period of time, depending on the government concerned, but also on external and local influences.

What are the values of Education in Pakistan?

These values ​​and beliefs still exist today to varying degrees in Pakistan. In fact, education is considered a universal right and public schools are free for all children. The historically important role of the teacher encompasses the holistic intellectual, spiritual and social development of children.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What are the oldest schools in America?

Boston Latin School, more commonly known as BLS, is the oldest public school in the United States. The Boston School was founded in 1635 in the home of Professor Philemon Portorte.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: Why were schools invented?

Parents raised their children or, if their families could afford it, private guardians took over the work. Puritans Puritans Puritans were English Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries who attempted to purge the Church of England of Roman Catholic customs, arguing that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and needed to become more ■■■■■■■■■■. Puritanism played an important role by being the first in this country to emphasize the need for public education. They established schools not only to teach the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic, but also to reinforce their core values. 23 Nov.

Who established the first schools?

The first school open to everyone, not just the upper class, was probably the school of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479), who taught literature and music, customs and ethics to anyone who wanted to learn.

What was the first public school in America?

The Boston Latin School (BLS) was America's first public school and was founded in 1635. The first lesson took place in the home of Philemon Portort, the country's first public school teacher. Funds from the city were used to support the school and it was decided that Pormort would receive £50 a year in salaries.

What is the historical development of education in the philippines

Formal education was brought to the Philippines by the Spanish, mainly through religious orders. After learning the local languages ​​and writing systems, they began to teach Christianity, Spanish, and Spanish culture. These orders opened the first schools and colleges in the 16th century.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: How is Philippine Studies began?

Although they complement each other and are often used interchangeably, Philippine studies and Filipino-American studies have different origins and scope. The older of the two, Philippine Studies or Studies of Philippine Society and Culture, began in the early 20th century when the country became a colony of the United States.

What is the importance of Education to Filipinos?

Education became a very important issue for the colonial government of the United States as it was able to transmit its cultural values, especially the English language, to the Filipino people. Teaching English and American history leads to the formation of the Philippine national identity and nationalism.

What is the best high school in the Philippines?

  • School of the Sisters of Mary.
  • Cavite National School of Sciences.
  • Philippine High School of Sciences.
  • Cavita State University Graduate School Science Laboratory.
  • Manila high school.
  • National high school named after Pedro Guevara.
  • Dona Montserrat Lopez Memorial High School.
  • Rizal High School.
  • UP Rural high school.
  • Integrated School of the University of the Philippines.

What is the educational system in the Philippines?

Education in the Philippines is provided through formal and non-formal systems. Formal education usually lasts 14 years and is structured according to the 6 + 4 + 4 system: 6 years of primary education, 4 years of secondary education and 4 years of higher education with a secondary education certificate.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What is the historical development of education in nigeria

Western or formal education was started in Nigeria in 1842, only at the primary school level, by Christian missionaries who guided the education system according to their philosophy. The missionary organizations available at the time were the Accord Missionary Society, Wesleyan Methodists, and Catholics.

What kind of system of Education does Nigeria have?

The education system in Nigeria is based on the 6334 system which means that a child starts their first education experience at the age of 6 in primary school, 3 years in secondary school and 3 years in secondary school. After all, you graduate for at least 4 years.

What is the importance of Education in Nigeria?

The importance of primary education in Nigeria is as follows: 1. Reduce illiteracy. Primary education helps to dramatically reduce illiteracy in society by equipping young learners with the knowledge, skills and values ​​they need to deal with everyday social problems.

:brown_circle: How would you describe the ■■■■■■■■ education system?

Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Education. Local authorities take responsibility for the implementation of government-controlled policies for public education and public schools. The education system is divided into kindergarten, primary school, secondary school and higher education. Nigeria's central government has been unstable since independence from the United Kingdom, so a unified education policy has yet to be successful.

What is the history of Comparative Education in Nigeria?

The Society for Comparative Education was established in Nigeria in 1983 and the World Congress of Disciplines was established in 1982 for cooperation between those interested in the study of the subject and the general development of comparative education.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: What is the historical development of education from ancient to modern times

Formal training was practical and focused on the training of scribes and priests. It has expanded from the basics of reading, writing, and religion to higher education in law, medicine, and astrology. In general, young adults in high school were willing to become scribes, from scribes to librarians to teachers.

When was the first recorded history of Education?

Therefore, it is likely that the true history of education dates back to the earliest hominids. In the region of modern Egypt and the Middle East around 3500 BC. And in China around 1200 a.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: Who was the founder of the modern education system?

The current education system with western style and content was introduced and instituted by the British during the British Raj on the recommendation of Lord Macaulay, who advocated the teaching of English in schools and the establishment of a class of Anglicized Indian translators.

:brown_circle: When was the first school in the world created?

According to legends, the rulers of Yao and Shun (around the 24-23 century BC) founded the first schools. The first educational system was established during the Xia Dynasty (2076-1600 BC).

What is the historical development of education technology

The History of Educational Technology Helping people and children to learn more easily, faster, more accurately or more cheaply dates back to the creation of very ancient instruments, such as paintings on cave walls. Different types of images were used. Slates and tablets have been used for at least a millennium.

What is the history of Technology in education?

History. The technology has been associated with education for decades, starting with the development of the first vacuum tube computer in 1946 with the help of several universities. A decade later, technology played an even bigger role, amplified when Russia launched its satellite, Sputnik, into space.

:brown_circle: What are the uses of Technology in education?

Computer programs are widely used in educational technology to teach students basic skills. Educational technology can improve student learning. Learning technologies can be used in young children to teach them the basics.

What are examples of instructional technology?

Learning technology is the design, creation and management of educational or educational resources. The development of digital textbooks is an example of educational technology.

How does technology impact student learning?

Technology has positively impacted student learning, making them more motivated and self-respecting, completing challenging tasks and helping others more, while negatively impacting poor performance and reduced focus on tasks.

What is the historical development of education in trinidad and tobago

Trinidad and Tobago's education system reflects the country's British colonial past through its current examination system. The British conquered Trinidad in 1747 and Tobago in 1814 and finally won both in 1889. After their conquest, the British internalized the Caribbean school system.

When did Trinidad and Tobago start secondary education?

Critically evaluate the view that the government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago between 1956 and 1986 was primarily engaged in the development of secondary education and neglected other areas. Faction of the National People's Movement (PNM) from 1956 to 1986 and the late RD.

:brown_circle: How did Trinidad and Tobago change its economy?

In 1974-1981 Trinidad and Tobago's economy was extremely prosperous and the government opted for physical expansion without realizing the full nationalization of Trinidad and Tobago. The agricultural sector is directly influenced by the development of secondary education and technical/vocational education.

What was the population of Trinidad and Tobago in 1797?

CHAPTER I THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1800-1850 The population of Trinidad in 1797, when the Spaniards surrendered to the British, was 17,718, and in 1834, when slavery was abolished, it increased to 43,678, including 3,632 whites (Spanish, French) and English), 18,627 colorless, 20657 black.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: Is there free education in Trinidad and Tobago?

At the beginning of the 20th century, education was a luxury, today it is free at all levels and accessible to everyone.

What are the stages of Education in America?

  • Preschool education. Preschool education is the term used to refer to young children who receive education.
  • toddler. Kindergarten helps children develop (3 and 4 years old).
  • Primary school.
  • College (also called college) College teaches students in grades 6-8.
  • Secondary school.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: What is the history of teaching in the united states

The history of education in them has come a long way from the 16th to the 21st century. The education has been adapted several times to prepare students as best as possible for their world. The curriculum ranges from family and religion to digital literacy, depending on the norms and needs of the community.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: When did public schools start?

On April 23, 1635, the first subsequent public school in the United States was established in Boston, Massachusetts.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: When did public education begin?

Although formal education was not widespread, education was important to early American settlers. They soon realized that teaching children to read and write at home and in church was not enough, and they began establishing public schools in the early 1600s with the founding of the Boston Latin School in 1635.

What was education like in the early days of America?

Kindergartens are becoming an increasingly popular place to educate young children in industrial societies, which is why education has become more formal from the earliest years of life than it used to be. Education in America's early years was not very formal.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: When was the first school opened in America?

We've gathered 11 facts about the history of education in the United States from the nation's founding to the present. Read below for more information. 1. The first schools in 13 colonies opened in the 17th century. Boston Latin School was the first public school in the United States, opening in 1635.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: Why was there a need for public education in America?

Before this country officially became the United States of America, there was a need for public education. When the early settlers established a colony in Massachusetts Bay, the ruling court created an elementary education system composed of public and Latino schools designed to teach children about Puritan values ​​and Bible reading.

When did the idea of Education become widespread?

The idea of ​​progressive education, raising the child optimally, promoting active participation in a democratic society arose at the end of the 19th century and spread in the 1930s.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: The history of education in europe

Europe has a rich history and heritage in early childhood education that stems from the beliefs, theories and contributions of key European pioneers who are considered the founders of the field. Martin Luther (born 1483 - died 1546) promoted the importance of education for all children with the support of parents and society.

What was education like in Europe in the nineteenth century?

Western European governments have mandated that all children, up to a certain age, which is gradually increasing, must attend school. The school's curriculum was not extensive, the main program was reading, writing, arithmetic and religion outside of France. Governments have provided more, but never enough, schools and teachers.

What was the purpose of Education in Europe?

Students from all over Europe wrote essays on patriotic themes. Governments believed that the primary goal of universal primary education was to cultivate honest, hard-working and responsive citizens, loyal to family and country, but not exceeding their rank in life.

What is the history of Education in Romania?

The incorporation of the institute into the Romanian education system demonstrates once again Hungary's educational weight. Founded when Transylvania was still part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, ■■■■■-Boyai University only offered Hungarian until the complete abolition of Romanian education after 1918 (Sadlak, 1991).

:eight_spoked_asterisk: When did schools become secularized in the Middle Ages?

As mentioned in the previous chart, training started at the end of the 18th day (State University, 2016).

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: What is the history of education in america books

Webster's Nationalistic and Moralistic Early American History (1841) is often regarded as the first textbook on American history. In the early 19th century, education was often a part of religious formation. In 1827, 200,000 children learned to read the Bible in Sunday schools.

What is the origin of school?

The word school comes from the Greek σχολή (scholē), which originally means free time, as well as time when free time is needed, but then the group that received the lessons, school.

When did teaching first start?

The history of teaching dates back to Confucius (561), the first known private tutor. Many ancient Greeks employed mentors to teach their children. In the Middle Ages, educational institutions such as Cambridge University were established and there was a need for teacher training.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What are the best schools in the US?

Duke University / Facebook. Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Yale University are among the top three universities in the United States. The Wall Street Journal / Times Higher Education has published the 2019 ranking of the best universities in the United States. The ranking was based on 15 key metrics, including graduate salary, school diversity and education.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: What year did the education reform begin?

Standards-based education reform in the United States began with the publication of A Nation in Danger in 1983. The Education Summit was held in 1989, attended by governors of all fifty states and President George W. Bush. In 2000, the targets include content standards.

How did education begin in america

Public education in America didn't really start until after the Civil War, when public and controlled schools replaced the old private education system.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: Do they have free education in America?

Yes really! All children living in the United States are eligible for free public education. And the Constitution requires that all children have equal educational opportunities regardless of their race, ethnicity, religion or gender, rich or poor, citizens or non-citizens.

What is the history of teaching in japan

D The history of education in Japan dates back to the 6th century when the study of the Chinese language was introduced at the Yamato court. Foreign civilizations often offered new ideas for the development of Japanese culture itself.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What was the percentage of teachers in Japan after World War 2?

In addition, in 198081, more than 40 percent of teachers in Japan taught for at least 20 years, compared to 22 percent in the United States. After World War II, the Japan Education Reform Committee incorporated teacher education into higher education, in accordance with the recommendations of the United States Education Mission.

What kind of Education did the Japanese have?

Therefore, Japanese students began to study Latin and Western classical music, as well as their own language. Japan was closely linked by the Tokugawa regime (1600-1867) and the Neo-Confucian Academy, and Yushima Seido in Edo was the main educational institution in the state.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: How old was Japan when it first learned history?

From ■■■■ erectus to the present day: over a million years of history in one year of study. At the age of 14 I first discovered Japan's relationship with the outside world.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: What is the role of teachers in Japan?

Japanese society places great responsibility on teachers and expects a lot from them. This ensures high social status and financial rewards, but also places teachers under constant public scrutiny.

Is American history even taught in schools?

There is compelling evidence that American history is taught in most three-level schools, and there is no doubt that nearly all students study it in high school and college.

:brown_circle: Who were the first teachers in history?

One of the most educated people of all time, Confucius (), became the first private history teacher. He came from an old aristocratic family going through hard times and turned out to be a curious teenager with nowhere to drink as only members of the royal family could study.

:brown_circle: Should schools teach history?

History teaching in schools is especially important during times of stress: those who design and teach the curriculum can and should strive to be impartial in counteracting the one-sided historical narratives that students encounter through their families and the media.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: What is the history of teaching philosophy

The western philosophical tradition originated in ancient Greece and with it began the philosophy of education. Major historical figures have developed philosophical views of education based on their broader metaphysical, epistemological, ethical, and political theories.

:brown_circle: Which is the best description of a teaching philosophy?

What is a learning philosophy? An educational philosophy is a narrative essay that captures a person's beliefs and values ​​related to teaching and learning, and often includes specific examples of how that person applies those beliefs. It specifically focuses on the educator's personality when teaching others.

Where can I find a teaching philosophy statement?

An excellent guide to writing an educational philosophy statement is Article 23, Writing an Educational Philosophy Statement Before Looking for an Academic Job, from the University of Michigan Center for Teaching and Learning Research. You will find this page about teaching philosophy and judgment.

Why is the history of education so important?

The history of educational philosophy, like the history of education itself, is a major concern and problem in shaping the intellectual agenda of contemporary educational philosophers.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What is the history of teaching psychology

In the United States, psychology has been associated with education and teachers from the beginning. In 1890, American philosopher William James founded psychology in America and later attended a series of lectures for teachers called Conversations with Teachers on Psychology.

Where did the idea of educational psychology come from?

The earliest roots of educational psychology go back to the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, who spoke in particular about the role of the teacher and effective teaching methods (State University).

Who is considered the father of Educational Psychology?

Johann Herbart (1776-1841) is considered the founder of educational psychology. He believed that learning was influenced by interest in the subject and the teacher. He believed that when presenting new information or materials, teachers should take into account students' existing psychological attitudes, which they already know.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: When was the Journal of Educational Psychology published?

Shortly after, in 1910, the Journal of Educational Psychology (Timeline) was published. The Journal of Educational Psychology now appears four times a year and contains a wealth of research results and publications from the world of Educational Psychology (APA).

:brown_circle: When did psychology become a separate science from science?

Psychology as an independent science did not emerge until the late 1800s, so previous interest in educational psychology was largely driven by educational philosophers. 10 Herbart believed that a student's interest in a subject has a significant influence on learning outcomes.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What is the history of teaching history

In the history of teaching and education in early 1800s England, Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell established the Lancaster method of teaching teachers: as teachers.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: What are the requirements for becoming a history teacher?

A bachelor's degree, preferably in history, political science, anthropology, or social science, is the minimum requirement for the education of middle and high school history teachers. A state education license or diploma is also required. However, in some private schools, teacher qualifications are not a prerequisite for employment.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What are the best schools for teachers?

There are many top schools that offer education and training programs, including Michigan State University, Stanford University, the University of Washington, and Harvard University. Each received high marks from News & World Report, as well as the Princeton Review.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What classes are needed to be a history teacher?

So if you want to teach history at an entry level, you should study anthropology, geography, sociology, political science and economics. General introductory courses should also include music, English, arts, science, and math.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: What training do you need to become a teacher?

Teacher training and qualification. The traditional way to become a public school teacher is to earn a bachelor's degree in teacher education and then obtain a license.

What should be the purpose of teaching history?

History lessons help students explain and analyze the present and understand their progress. The causal relationship between the past and the present is clearly illustrated by history. In this way, history helps them to understand current affairs on a national and international level accurately and objectively.

:brown_circle: What makes a good history teacher?

Characteristics of a history teacher. History teachers need to be able to communicate effectively with students and their parents. In addition, history teachers should be able to engage students in presenting information in multiple ways. A good teacher strives to bring history to life for his students.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: How do I teach history?

Use different teaching methods, duos or pairs, small groups and large groups. Some history teaching strategies may include using comparative and contrasting materials, writing essays and investigations, roundtables and discussions, role-playing, group problem solving, and simulation. Please look.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: Why should history be taught?

Students should study history because history affects everyone's life. For example: 1) By studying history you can see what problems everyone faced, how they overcame them (by what methods) and finally how the answer has changed over the generations.

:brown_circle: What is the history of teaching technology

In 1806, the Lancaster School methodology was introduced to New York, and with this new teaching method came a new form of educational technology. Lancaster's teaching method was attractive because it taught large numbers of students at low cost.

What technologies are used in education?

Modern tools used in educational technology include laptops, overhead projectors, computer programs, computer games, smartphones, and pocket calculators.

:eight_spoked_asterisk: How has technology impacted student learning?

  • Availabilty. In any case, there are several ways in which technology has made learning more accessible. Learn first
  • Motivation and responsibility. Mobile learning apps like the one made by Pocket Prep also provide instant feedback.
  • Cost efficiency. Publish printed test prep manuals, textbooks, and other physical materials.

What is the future of Technology in the classroom?

  • Video conference. Most of the teachers I spoke to have one wish: they need more time to help their students.
  • An immersive mixed reality experience. With virtual and augmented reality, students will no longer tire of snoring by reading history or science from textbooks.
  • Virtual reality.
  • Integration with Chrome OS.

How is technology used in teaching?

The technology used in the classroom can also help students with special needs keep up with their classmates. For example, a hearing impaired student may use a tablet with a recording device that allows them to record the lesson while the teacher speaks and then view the written form of the lesson.

History of education timeline

The first colonial university, Harvard, was founded in 1636 to train ministers. Several years later, other schools were established, such as Yale, Princeton, Dartmouth, and Brown. John Locke was one of the most influential philosophers of the Enlightenment. In 1678 he wrote an essay "On the human mind".

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: When was the start of Education in India?

Education in ancient India started around the 3rd century with elements of religious education and the transmission of traditional knowledge.

:brown_circle: What was the first act to promote education?

Promotion of Education: 1. The Education Act of 1901 or Act No. 74 of the United States are known as the Thomists. B. Establishment of Public Schools 2. Section 17 Philippine Teachers College (now PNU) 3. Act No. 477 Office of Public Learning Office of Education 19. Promotion of Education: 4.

When did the Department of Education become part of the government?

Promotion of education: 1. Military Decree No. 2 of 1942 establishing the Education, Health and Welfare Committee 2. Establishment of the Ministry of Education (14 October 1943) 3. The Ministry of Education becomes part of the Public Ministry Relations.

What was the nature of Education in medieval times?

Type of education: 1. The education was formal and was given under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Every city must have at least one primary school for boys and girls, run by the city government. 3. Primary school is free 12.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: American history of education

A Brief History of Education in America Early American education was largely private or religious, bringing mass education and literacy to the nation long before the public school system you know today was outlawed. The public school was established in response to the influx of immigrants of different religions or cultures.

History of education in india

Education in ancient India started around the 3rd century with elements of religious education and the transmission of traditional knowledge.

How was the ancient education system of India?

Answer: Ancient India had formal and non-formal education systems. Indigenous education was provided at home, in temples, pathal, tolah, chatuspadi and gurukul. In houses, villages and temples, people who taught young children to lead a godly life were so called education is a way of life.

:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: What is the history of Indian education system?

Education in India has a rich and interesting history. It is believed that in ancient times, education was passed on ■■■■■■ by sages and scientists, and information was passed down from generation to generation. After the letters were developed, they were in the form of fonts with palm leaves and tree bark.

What are the flaws of education system in India?

  • Inequality. The country has a large gap between rich and poor and an equal gap in the access of the elite to education.
  • Red training. their educational system is memorized rather than practical and analytical.
  • Bad infrastructure.
  • Low level of education.

What can they do to improve the Indian education system?

  • Competency-based learning Schools must be able to offer competency-based learning. This is best accomplished by identifying the areas of interest for each student.
  • Focus on rural education Mahatma Gandhi said: “The future of India lies in the villages.
  • Free basic computer skills courses. The reason they offer this item is very simple.

:brown_circle: Of education educational history

Education History. The systematic teaching of learning skills such as reading and writing to most children has evolved over the past 150 to 200 years and, in some countries, even over the past 50 years. Historically, youth schools have been supplemented by further training for priests, civil servants and specialists.

history of education